2024
IISL intensifies and expands partnerships at IAC 2024
Next to our IISL Colloquium, the IAC 2024 and its exhibition offered the possibility to intensify and extend international partnerships of our Institute. New contacts into all regions of the world were made, that are going to create new and exciting shared activities with our partners. Below, see some of the impressions of perspectives of our week at IAC 2024: Azercosmos – Space Academy On 15 October, IISL’s Kai-Uwe Schrogl (President), PJ Blount (Executive Secretary), Mahulena Hofmann (Board member), and Scarlet O’Donnell (Board member) met with representatives Narkhanim Orujova and Imran Mukhtarov from Azercosmos as well as Azercosmos’ Space Academy, in order to discuss potential cooperation of the two entities in the future. Ms. Narkhanim Orujova is IISL Member and very effectively supported IISL with the organisation of the Institute’s activities during the IAC in Baku – many thanks again to her on this occasion. Collaboration would especially focus on knowledge transfer and cooperation with regard to jointly organised events. IISL Board member Mahulena Hofmann is the newly appointed Chair of the IISL Directorate of Studies (DoS) and has been appointed as point of contact for Azercosmos on the topic. SIA-India IISL met with SIA-India — An Association for the Space Industry, to discuss potential future collaboration between our two entities. With Anil Prakash and Rajeev Gambhir representing SIA, at the focus of the deliberations were issues such as space sustainability as well as space governance of emerging space faring countries. The meeting was enabled through incoming IISL Vice-President, Ranjana Kaul, from India. China IISL met with delegates from China at IAC, with whom there exists a long-standing relationship based on IISL’s annual participation in the China Space Conference. Every year, the two organisations collaborate to hold a Space Law Symposium. At the IAC in Milan, the collaboration was reiterated and the next Space Law Symposium in 2025 was confirmed. Türkiye – collaboration for IAC 2026 in Antalya IISL President Kai-Uwe Schrogl met with Member of the Turkish Parliament, Ms. Zeynep Yildiz, who shares a strong interest in space law, in the context of the IAF meeting of Ministers and Members of Parliament. It was agreed that with a view to the IAC 2026 in Antalya, IISL and the Turkish IAC hosts will hold a Workshop on Space Law in summer 2025 in the run-up to the Congress. WiA – Women in Aerospace On 14 October 2024, IISL President Kai-Uwe Schrogl took part in the Meet&Greet organised by WiA Europe — a meeting and networking opportunity for young talent in the industry. The meeting was met by a lot of interest and new connections could be formed. European Space Agency – ESOC The European Space Agency’s European Space Operations Centre (ESOC), serving as the main mission control centre for the European Space Agency, took note of IISL’s lunchtime event of Tuesday, 15 October 2024, where the IISL Working Group on AI in Space presented its preliminary findings and entered into dialogue with the audience, to collect feedback for drafting the final report on its study. ESOC expressed interest in holding a special event for ESA employees, where the Working Group would highlight its most important findings. IAF General Assembly During the International Astronautical Federation’s (IAF) General Assembly, IISL President Kai-Uwe Schrogl presented the Institute’s past and current activities, as well as an outlook to the future. Moreover, ESA Astronaut Matthias Maurer’s video on the importance of space law was shared with the attendants of the IAF General Assembly. The message of the video, which focuses on space sustainability, were well aligned with the theme of the conference: “Responsible space for sustainability”. Communications – SpaceWatch.Global On Friday, 18 October 2024, IISL President Kai-Uwe Schrogl participated in Space Watch Global’s ‘Space Café’ with Torsten Kriening. The episode was broadcasted live from the IAC in Milan. Schrogl discussed the vibrant atmosphere at IAC 2024 in Milan, highlighting the growing interest in space activities among governments, commercial entities, and the younger generation. He emphasized the importance of democratizing space and the need for effective legal frameworks. Schrogl detailed the IISL’s flagship Moot Court Competition, which saw the team from Singapore win, and underscored the relevance of space law in addressing issues like light pollution and AI regulation. He also noted the challenges of harmonizing national space laws and the urgency of space traffic management. The episode can be watched on SpaceWatch.Global’s site here.
IISL President keynote and interview during SDSC 2024
29 October 2024. IISL President Kai-Uwe Schrogl spoke in the context of the Software Defined Space Conference with Remco Timmermans, independent online marketing consultant for space. Schrogl (IISL, ESA) gave a keynote speech together with Tomas Hrozensky (ESPI) and Paul Liias (Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications, Estonia) on the topic of New Space Policy Initiatives on Day 1 of the Conference. In the interview with Timmermans, he spoke about why the Outer Space Treaty is still as relevant today as when it was drafted in 1967. They also covered how having a national space law supports the development of a space economy in countries like Estonia, and the importance of regulating behaviour of states and commercial actors in space. The interview is available on LinkedIn.
Six days left to register for the UN World Space Forum 2024!
Only 6 days left to register for the UN World Space Forum 2024! The #WSF2024 is organized by UNOOSA in cooperation with Germany, the UAE and Peru from 3-5 December at the UN Campus in Bonn. Representatives from governments, agencies, science, business and civil society will discuss how space can become more sustainable and how satellites facilitate the implementation of the SDGs on Earth? Some central topics are: 👉 Preserving the Space Environment – Space Debris Mitigation & Space Debris Remediation👉 Ensuring Space Sustainability – How to Implement Space Traffic Management👉Sustainable Lunar Activities – Information Sharing & Balancing the Needs of Science and Industry👉 SDG 17 – Partnership for Sustainable Development Goals & Collaborating with Science and Industry to Tackle Climate Change👉Continuing the Space Dialogue: The multilateral way forward for space governance Register and stay tuned to have the chance to participate in these multifaceted discussions and side events organised on the margins of WSF2024… and once you receive the official UNOOSA invitation letter, don’t forget to confirm participation to be counted to the group of WSF2024 participants. See you there!
Manfred Lachs Space Law Moot Court Competition Finals successfully held in Milan
The 2024 Finals of the Manfred Lachs Space Law Moot Court Competition were successfully held in Milan. The Finals took place at the Palazzo Emilio Turati, the site of the Milan Chamber of Commerce. The Competition was organised by the IISL Moot Court Committee, comprised of Steven Freeland (Chair), Leslie I. Tennen (Co-Chair), Martha Mejia-Kaiser (Honorary Member), Melissa K. Force (Co-Chair), Alexander Soucek (Co-Chair), Isavella Vasilogeorgi (Co-Chair), and Masahiko Satoh (Co-Chair). The Competition was judged by three sitting Judges of the International Court of Justice: H.E. Judge Peter Tomka (Slovakia), H.E. Judge Iwasawa Yuji (Japan), and H.E. Judge Leonardo Nemer Caldeira Brant (Brazil). The participarting teams The Regional Rounds of the Manfred Lachs Space Law Moot Court Competition 2024 were organised by the Regional Organisers: Nomfuneko Majaja (Regional Organiser Africa), Yu Takeuchi (Regional Organiser Asia-Pacific), V. Gopalakrishnan (Associate Regional Organiser Asia-Pacific), Nathan Johnson (Regional Organiser North America), Hristina Talkova (Regional Organiser Europe), and Jairo Becerra (Regional Organiser Latin America) and Laura Gamarra (Assistant Regional Organiser for Latin America). The winners of the five regional rounds traveling to Milan and participating in the Semi Finals leading up to the Finals on 17 October 2024 were: Africa: Midlands State University (Zimbabwe)Asia-Pacific: Singapore Management University (Singapore)Europe: National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (Greece)Latin America: National Autonomous University of Mexico (Mexico)North America: McGill University (Canada) The two winning teams concluding the Semi Finals successfully and standing for the Finals were: Asia-Pacific: Singapore Management University (Singapore);Europe: National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (Greece). Winners of the 2024 Manfred Lachs Space Law Moot Court Competition Finals 2024 The Moot Court Finals were won by the Asia-Pacific team from Singapore Management University (Singapore). Singapore Management University (Singapore): Ms. Wu Zhi Yi GenieveMs. Ho Li Hui ElizabethMs. Toh Hsuan Hui RaeleeFaculty Advisor: Prof. Chen SiyuanFaculty Advisor Assistant: Ms. Teo Yi Ting Bernadette Moot brochure 2024 This year’s Moot Brochure can be downloaded below. Photo impressions Moot Finals 2024 More information on the Competition This year’s Moot Case was authored by Hristina Talkova, Jack Nelson and Rosanna Hoffmann. For more information on the 2024 Moot Competition, please refer to our dedicated web page:
IISL Awards Dinner 2024 and IISL Awardees
The IISL Awards Dinner 2024 took place on Thursday, 17 October 2024, at the Palazzo Emilio Turati in Milan — the site of the Milan Chamber of Commerce, where also the IISL Manfred Lachs Space Law Moot Court Competition took place. In a celebratory and cheerful ambience, the IISL awards were presented by Marco Ferrazzani on behalf of the IISL Awards Committee, composed of K. R. Sridhara Murthi (Chair), Olavo de Oliveira Bittencourt Neto, and Corinne Jorgenson; and Mark Sundahl and Mahulena Hofmann for the Diederiks-Verschoor Committee. The 2024 awards were bestowed as well as some awards from 2023, that could not be presented in person last year. For an overview of all IISL Awardees, see also here. Awardees 2024 Lifetime Achievement The IISL Lifetime Achievement Award recognises outstanding lifetime dedication to the development and furtherance of space law. This year’s Lifetime Achievement Award was presented to Marco Ferrazzani, “[i]n recognition of his many decades of outstanding services to the international space law community and the International Institute of Space Law, to which he has made invaluable contribution as Director and his distinct contributions in the creation of the European Centre for Space Law, his strong stewardship in supporting the Manfred Lachs Moot Court in the European region, and his notable role for capacity building in different regions of the world and for promotion of international cooperation in the field of exploration and peaceful uses of Outer Space”. Distinguished Service The Distinguished Service Award honours extraordinary achievements to the goals of IISL. This year’s Distinguished Service Award was presented to Rafael Moro Aguilar — “a renowned scholar in the field of Space Law, made outstanding contributions in the very challenging role as a co- editor of the annual IISL proceedings for about a decade. Rafael has also richly contributed to the IISL working group on light pollution of the night sky from a space law perspective and has also further strived hard in establishing the linkage with International Astronomical Union. Rafael spearheaded the promotion and dissemination of space law in the Spanish speaking countries and had also undertaken the Spanish edition of Cologne Commentary on Space Law, Volume I”. Certificate of Gratitude The Certificate of gratitude recognises extraordinary services rendered to the Institute. This year, the Certificate of Gratitude was presented to Yu Takeuchi as well as Jairo A. Becerra and Laura Gamarra-Amaya in recognition of their extraordinary support of the Institute. Yu Takeuchi is serving as Co-Chair of the STM WG since 2021 and contributed to presenting WG’s research result at the IAC 2023 and its achievement of promoting legal aspect of STM at COPUOS Legal Subcommittee. He served as Associate Regional Organizer of Asia-Pacific of the Moot Court Competition 2023 and currently is Regional Organizer for 2024 Competition. His contributions had been essential in the increased recognition of the IISL activities among policy makers and by the Japanese government. Jairo A. Becerra and Laura Gamarra-Amaya, as professors at the Faculty of Law of the Catholic University of Colombia have been passionately promoting space law education and research among Latin American students. Their hard work and advocacy over the years led to organisation of a regional round of the Manfred Lachs Competition in Latin America. Young Achiever Award The Space Law Award for Young Achievers was introduced as a new category of award in early 2019 and recognises meritorious contributions or outstanding achievements relevant to the field of space law or distinctive service to the activities, events or goals of IISL by young individuals. This year, the Award was presented to Ruvimbo Samanga and Scarlet O’Donnell. Ruvimbo Samanga, is Space Law & Policy Analyst/Researcher, with mission to collaborate on space-related, capacity building research for the African and the global space sector. She has been the Ambassador of Milo Space Science Institute and had supported international projects. She has been recognised by IAF with the Young Space Leader Award in 2022 , had been serving in the Advisory Board Member Inter Astra Retreat and completed the African Space Policy & Strategy Course from African Space Leadership Institute. Scarlet O’Donnell made scholarly contributions to the principle of international responsibility for activities in Outerspace. She is a doctorate in essential field of space law, supported emerging space faring nations with regard to adherence to space global governance, and had rendered substantive support to IISL in various functions. With the backdrop of work experience in UNOOSA and DLR, and with a continuous engagement of discourses on Space Law tempered with an analytical articulation, Scarlet represents a fine example of the energetic new generation that links the rich traditions of space law with the renewed pathways of future generations. For more information on this year’s young achievers, see also here: Diederiks-Verschoor Award The Diederiks-Verschoor Award 2024 was presented to this year’s winner David Eagleson by Mark Sundahl and Mahulena Hofmann. The IISL Board of Directors additionally annually grants the Prof. Dr I.H.Ph. Diederiks-Verschoor Award, given to the best paper accepted for presentation at the Institute’s Colloquium during the IAC by an author not older than 30 years and who has not published more than five papers in the Proceedings of IISL Colloquia. A medal is donated each year by the initiator of the Award, Prof. Oscar Fernandez Brital from Argentina. Awardees 2023 IISL presented the 2023 Awardees who were not presented with their Awards in person last year, during this year’s ceremony. For a full list of IISL Awardees please see here. Lifetime Achievement Award The Lifetime Achievement Award 2023 was presented to Lesley Jane Smith. Lesley Jane Smith was presented with the Lifetime Achievement Award for two decades of distinctive contribution to IISL. Various roles, including the current position of Vice-President of the Board of Directors, Director, International Programme Committee Co-Chair to name a few. She also contributed to establishment of strong cooperation between the IISL and the International Astronautical Federation, among other things having served as the legal counsel of the IAF and working tirelessly for over a decade to coordinate
Meet the 2024 IISL Young Achiever Awardees
The Space Law Award for Young Achievers was introduced as a new category of award in early 2019 and recognises meritorious contributions or outstanding achievements relevant to the field of space law or distinctive service to the activities, events or goals of IISL by young individuals, that can serve as inspiration to the up-and-coming generation of space lawyers. This year’s Young Achiever Award went to Ruvimbo Samanga and Scarlet O’Donnell. They answered three questions for IISL, offering us the opportunity to get to know them more closely. Ruvimbo Samanga 1) Who I Am: I am Ruvimbo Samanga, a space law and policy analyst and advocate for the development of space law in Africa. My work focuses on space law, policy, and sustainable development, particularly in relation to how space technology can drive socio-economic growth across Africa. I have a background in international law, and my passion is ensuring that space becomes a tool for the benefit of all humankind, especially for developing nations. 2) How I Came to Space Law and What I Did So Far: I became interested in space law during my legal studies, when I realized the critical role space technologies can play in addressing global challenges, particularly for African nations. I was drawn to the idea of ensuring equitable access to space for developing countries. My journey began when I participated in the Manfred Lachs Space Law Moot Court Competition, where my team won the African rounds. This experience sparked my deep interest in space law. Since then, I have worked on various space law projects, including being a legal expert for private sector, NGOs, regional and research institutions and contributing to the development of space policies in the region. I have also been involved with several global organizations, such as the Space Generation Advisory Council (SGAC) and the Milo Space Science Institute, where I advocate for space education and diversity in the space industry. 3) What I Expect from Space Law in the Future: In the future, I expect space law to play an increasingly important role in ensuring the peaceful, sustainable, and equitable use of space. As more countries and private entities become involved in space activities, the need for comprehensive and inclusive legal frameworks will grow. I hope to see the development of clearer regulations on issues like space debris, resource extraction, and space traffic management. Moreover, I envision a future where space law helps developing nations, especially in Africa, harness space technology to address issues like food security, environmental monitoring, and disaster management. I believe space law will continue to evolve as a key pillar in ensuring that the benefits of space exploration and technology are shared globally, for the benefit of all humanity. Scarlet O’Donnell 1) Who I Am: I am a space lawyer specializing in both national and international space law. My work focuses on areas such as international responsibility, the registration of objects launched into outer space, the domestic implementation of international space law, comparative space law, international liability, space traffic management, and, importantly, space sustainability. My background is in public international law, and over the past few years, I have lived in the Netherlands, Cambodia, Sweden, Austria, and Germany. I am deeply passionate about ensuring that all nations can benefit from space exploration and that space serves the interests of ‘all humankind’. 2) How I Came to Space Law and What I Did So Far: My journey into space law began during my law studies and Ph.D. research. My doctoral work at Lund University, Sweden, focused on both international and national space law, with a particular emphasis on Articles VI, VII, and VIII of the Outer Space Treaty. I have also worked as a Scientific Advisor at the German Space Agency (DLR) and served as a consultant for UNOOSA’s Space Law for New Space Actors Project. This experience has allowed me to merge academic expertise in space law with practical experience. In addition, I have been involved with the International Institute of Space Law (IISL) in various capacities, first as a webmaster, and currently as a member of the IISL Board of Directors and Chair of the IISL PRISM Committee. Last year, I had the honour to bring together a team of young scholars from the five regions of the world represented in the IISL Manfred Lachs Space Law Moot Court Competition to jointly draft and present the Nandasiri Jasentuliyana Keynote Lecture opening the 2023 IISL Colloquium and Young Scholars Session. As our topic, we chose to revisit the foundation of IISL’s mission: the rule of law in outer space. 3) What I Expect from Space Law in the Future: Space law is built on the foundation of five UN treaties, crafted with remarkable foresight during the early space age. In the coming years, I anticipate further refinement of these foundational principles, adapting them to match the current technological landscape. This is particularly critical for ensuring the sustainability of space activities, so that future generations can continue to access and utilise outer space. The growing role of the private sector in space exploration may drive new developments in space law and policy. I look forward to seeing how these changes will influence the creation of national and international regulations. For me, the work of COPUOS and its Subcommittees is fascinating not only because it deals with matters beyond our planet, but also because it is one of the few international committees that operates by consensus. The agreements forged here can have far-reaching implications, even influencing areas of geopolitics on Earth. In the years ahead, I believe space law will expand its importance for global cooperation in space activities as well as for political and diplomatic exchanges worldwide. I hope that space activities will continue to be and increasingly be carried out “for the benefit and in the interests of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development, and shall be the province of all [hu]mankind”.
Session 7 of the IISL Colloquium at IAC 2024 successfully held
On 18 October, 10:15 h the seventh session of the IISL Colloquium was held at the Milan International Convention Centre MICO. The topic of the session was entitled: Regional Space Legislation. Topic description The last years are facing a growing intensity of regional space law setting: The US initiated the recommendatory Artemis Accords, the Chinese-Russian MoU presupposes a creation of an International Lunar Research Station, and the European Union who adopted a space Directive only recently is working on the enlargement of its space legislation. The panel analyses the regional space law and its implementation and discusses its interplay with the UN legal framework. Session Chairs and Rapporteur The session was co-chaired by Dr. Guoyu Wang, Beijing Institute of technology(BIT), China; and Dr. Bernhard Schmidt-Tedd, Leuphana University, Germany. Ms. Katharina Prall, BHO Legal , Germany; acted as Rapporteur for the session. Presented papers The authors and their topics presented were: Presenter Title Prof. Maria Elena De Maestri EU Space Law: international principles implemented at a supra-national level Mr. Arnold Agaba Evolutionary African Space Governance through Regional Economic Communities Ms. Sima Moradinasab The Emergence of Regional Space Legal Frameworks: The Unity of International Space Legal Order Under the Threat?! Ms. Xiaoya Lin Multilateralism and Emerging Legal Issues In space resources Activities: Law and Regulatory Oversight Ms. Irina Chernykh Cooperation of CIS Member States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space Mr. Tao Zhang A Global Regime for the Moon Development and Exploitation: Towards Promoting the Common Interests of Humanity Dr. Güneş Ünüvar Outer Space as ‘Environment’: States’ Regulatory Measures and Foreign Investment Protection Mr. Elie Badawi Comparative analysis of legal frameworks shaping space activities in the GCC countries Ms. Theodora Liameti Going global or staying local; the new dilemma in space law setting Ms. Sindhu Shankar Space Stickers: Developing Safety and Sustainability Labels for the Space Sector Prof. Frans G. Von der Dunk A Long And Winding Road – Towards An EU Space Law? Mr. Claudiu Mihai Taiatu The EU space regulatory framework for a successful space sector? Speakers and topics of Session 7 Photo impressions of Session 7
Session 6 of the IISL Colloquium / 38th IAA/IISL Scientific Legal Roundtable at IAC 2024 successfully held
On 17 October, 10:15 h the sixth session of the IISL Colloquium – also 38th IAA/IISL Scientific Legal Roundtable – was held at the Milan International Convention Centre MICO. The topic of the session was entitled: Cyberspace Security in Outer Space: Scientific, Technical and Legal Dimensions of a Dilemma. Topic description Outer space and cyberspace are realms opened to human exploration and exploitation through scientific discovery, technological innovation and increasingly, commercial application. Spacecraft operating in near-earth orbital regions or in inter-planetary expanses rely on forms of electronic communication, often referred to as “cyberspace” to carry out their missions. Best practices and usage norms to ensure safe passage through outer space have evolved as direct counterparts to the rules and norms governing use of the radio spectrum and telecommunications technologies to avoid harmful, mission-endangering radio frequency interference. The technological shift to Internet-based telecommunications infrastructures is exposing space-based systems to terrestrial cyber-disruptions that are challenging long-standing technological practices and governance regimes in outer space. On-going earthbound military hostilities employing cyber-disruptions rooted in Internet network architectural vulnerabilities are already disabling or interfering with space-based communications. This IAA-IISL Roundtable will discuss whether scientific/technological trends as well as governance institutions and rules are sufficient to ensure space activities and systems may operate in a setting of cyber-security and not cyber-disruption. Session Chairs and Rapporteur The session was co-chaired by Dr. PJ Blount, Cardiff University, United Kingdom; and Ms. Ruth Pritchard-Kelly, Oneweb, United Kingdom. Dr. Nicola Rohner-Willsch, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR), Germany; and Dr. Ivan Fino, Space Generation Advisory Council (SGAC), Italy; acted as Rapporteurs for the session. Photo impressions from Session 6 of the IISL Colloquium / 38th IAA/IISL Scientific Legal Roundtable
IISL holds lunchtime events at IAC 2024
15/16 October 2024. During this year’s IAC in Milan, IISL held two informative lunchtime events at the side of its annual Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space. The events were open to IISL members as well as IAC participants. On Wednesday, 16 October 2024, IISL hosted a General Counsel Roundtable, providing the participating experts Nicoletta Bini (Italy), Christine Calvé (Canada), Ian Grosner (Brazil), Nomfuneko Majaja (South Africa), Gisela Süss (ESA), and Gabriel Swiney (United States) the opportunity to address current issues of particular relevance and to exchange with IISL members and audience. The event was moderated by IISL Officers PJ Blount and Lesley Jane Smith.Amongst the topics discussed was the legal issues raised by a situation related to space debris that fell in Canada this year as well as Canada’s work underway to modernize its legal framework for space; the new Brazilian Space Act (Law 14,946 of 2024); as well as law and legal instruments as enablers of the international relations in the space domain. On Tuesday, 15 October 2024, the IISL Working Group on AI in space presented its current state of work and engaged in an interactive discussion with the audience. The Working Group is chaired by Tuana Yazici and comprises members Anne-Sophie Martin, Steven Wood, Lisa Kucher, Roser Almenar, Laura Yvonne Zielinski, Stefan-Michael Wedenig, and Giovanni Tricco. In the next step, the Working Group aims to conclude and present its report.
Session 5 of the IISL Colloquium at IAC 2024 successfully held
On 16 October, 15:00 h the fifth session of the IISL Colloquium was held at the Milan International Convention Centre MICO. The topic of the session was entitled: Alternative Space Rules Setting. Topic description The UN space treaties were elaborated in the 60ties and 70ties; since the Moon Agreement, no universal space law agreement was agreed upon in the UN COPUOS. However, many other rules are existing which have direct influence on space activities: In some cases, international and regional standards and other recommendatory norms are replacing binding international framework. The panel will discuss whether the consensus principle can be replaced by alternative space norms setting or and under which conditions these two bodies of rules can complement each other. Session Chairs and Rapporteur The session was co-chaired by Mr. Philippe Clerc, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), France; and Prof. Christopher Newman, Northumbria University, United Kingdom. Ms. Lew Töpfer, Germany; acted as Rapporteur for the session. Presented papers The authors and their topics presented were: Presenter Title Mr. Thomas Green; Dr. Patrick Neumann Emerging Technologies: The SFAIRP test as an expressed administrate instrument for safety assurance in crewed and uncrewed space activities Dr. Fabio Tronchetti Fragmentation of international space law: is this a worrisome trend? Dr. Guoyu Wang Neutrality in Space: The Legal Dilemma for Commercial Space Entities Dr. Rebecca Connolly Space security governance on the moon and in cislunar: challenges for the existing legal framework and the pathway forward Dr. Yu Takeuchi State Responsibility Structure for Supervising Commercial Space Activities Dr. Michail Chatzipanagiotis Technical standards and space law: A complementary and complicated relationship Prof. Mark Sundahl The Artemis Accords and the Washington Compact: A Two-Pronged Approach to Enhancing the Rule of Law in Space Mr. Christopher Johnson The Deontic Logic of Space Law Applied to Lunar Scenarios Ms. Lisa Kucher; Ms. Anna Hurova The Transformation of Human Rights in the Context of Progressive Space Activities Prof. Mahulena Hofmann The Unexplored World of Space Standards Prof. Elena Carpanelli; Mr. Brendan Cohen The Upsurge in Political Commitments Relating to Outer Space: From International Law to a “Rule-Based International Space Order”? Dr. Laura Jamschon Mac Garry Crimes in Space: Can Private International Law Offer the Answers? Prof Philippe Achilleas ITU’s Contribution to Space Law: Enhancing the Synergy between Telecommunications and Space Legal Frameworks Photo impressions of Session 5